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Series: Bavarian Soviet Republic

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Bavarian Soviet Republic

Worker detachments for self-defense on patrol in Munich, 1919

Armed members of the Red Army during the second Bavarian Soviet Republic on patrol in Munich.

Protest gathering on the Theresienwiese (Theresien Meadow) in Munich, 1919

On the Theresienwiese (Theresien Meadow) in Munich, demonstrators demand the release of the perpetrator who attempted to assassinate Erhard Auer.

Rudolf Egelhofer

Rudolf Egelhofer (1896-1919), was Commander of the Red Army and Town Major of Munich during the second Bavarian Soviet Republic. After the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic he was killed on Odeon Square. The photo shows him in the uniform of the Imperial Navy from the First World War.

Takeover by the Workers and Soldiers Council in Bavaria, 1918

During the first revolutionary weeks, a security commander in Munich makes sure to prevent looting and riots.

Parliament building in Prannerstrasse in Munich, 1918

Republican soldiers in front of the Parliament building in Prannerstrasse, in which the Council of Workers and Soldiers met during the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

Announcement of the Council of Workers and Soldiers in Munich, 1918

The beginning of the revolution in Munich started on November 7 with the establishment of the Council of Workers and Soldiers. The poster calls for confidence from the workers.

Proclamation of the Bavarian Republic, 1918

On November 7, 1918 proclaimed the Bavarian Republic and was voted as chairman of it's highest authority, the Workers, Soldiers and Peasant's Council.

Peace Rally on the Theresienwiese (Theresien Meadow) in Munich, 1918

Rally on the Theresienwiese (Theresien Meadow) after an appeal by the German Socialist Party, the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany and the unions. The gathered people demanded the resignation of the Kaiser, an immediate armistice and the democratization of the constitution.

Abdication of King Ludwig III, 1918

Announcement of King Ludwig III's abdication in the Munich newspaper 'Munchener Neuesten Nachrichten'. He gave up the throne and absolved officials, officers and soldiers of their oath of allegiance. The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bavaria under the chairmanship of Kurt Eisner acknowledged the kings abdication of the throne.

Revolution in Bavaria, 1918

The billposting of the Bavarian government under Kurt Eisner, that warned the Munich population of turmoil and riots, and the instruction to security troops to use their guns, was published on December 7.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The picture shows among others Ernst Toller (seated, far left) and Ernst Niekisch (right next to Toller), supporters of the Soviet Republic captured by Freikorps members during the reconquest of Munich, here in the camp Niederschoenefeld.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

A crowd at the Stachus in front of the Kontorhaus at the time of the Soviet Republic of Munich.

Cellar of the Luitpold Gymnasium, 1919

In this cellar at the Luitpold Gymnasium in Munich, ten government soldiers were imprisoned. Their assassination by followers of the Soviet Republic on April 30 became known as a hostage murder.

Members of the Council of Workers and Soldiers in Munich, 1919

Reuter, Hermann Eisenhut, Joseph Feinhals, Ernst Niekisch, Georg Kandlbinder, Heinrich Suefl, Carl Kroepelin, Steinmetz (from left to right) at a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers and Soldiers.

Voluntary corps soldiers of the Voluntary Corps "Werdenfels" in Munich, 1919

Members of the voluntary corps "Werdenfels" who were deployed in the suppression of the Munich Soviet Republic, after combat in Munich.

Erich Muehsam

Erich Muehsam (1878-1934), German novelist. He was advisor on Hungary and Russia in the first Bavarian Soviet Republic.

Erhard Auer, 1918

Erhard Auer, German social democratic politician.

Erhard Auer, 1918

Erhard Auer, German social democratic politician.

Kurt Eisner, 1918

Kurt Eisner (1867-1919), leader of the Independent Socialists USDP. He rose to become prime minister and foreign minister at the head of a socialist majority government. On 21 February 1919 Eisner was murdered by the monarchists Anton Graf von Arco-Valley.

Ernst Niekisch, 1919

Ernst Niekisch, Chairman of the Council of Workers and Soldiers of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, at a meeting of the Executive Committee.

Ernst Toller's hiding place, 1919

The hiding place of Ernst Toller, the chairman of the Bavarian Workers and Soldiers Council, in an atelier in Schwabing after the fall of the Soviet Republic in Munich. The hidden door, the cracks of which were covered over in pictures, led to his hiding place and was discovered by the police.

Request for the commemoration of Kurt Eisner, 1919

After the assassination of Kurt Eisner the poster was placed on the site of his murder in Promenadenstrasse. It calls for workers to take their hats off in memory of Eisner.

Site of Kurt Eisner's murder, 1919

A temporary memorial made up of Kurt Eisner's photo and flowers in memory of the dead politician stands on the site of his assassination.

Transporting captured Bavarian Soviet Republic supporters in Munich, 1919

Armed citizens lead captured Bavarian Soviet Republic supporters away, during the recapture of Munich in the beginning of May .

Motorized gun at Sendlinger Tor during the entry of White troops in Munich, 1919

An artillery unit of the Volunteer Corps with a motorized gun at the Sendlingtor during the struggles in Munich against the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

Soldiers of the Free Corps Epp in Munich, including Rudolf Hess, 1919

End of the Soviet Republic in Munich, May 1919. Soldiers of the Free Corps Epp in Munich. From left to right: Rudolf Hess, H. Gierbauer, H.R. Friderich, G. Beck, A. Mueller und J. Hering.

Victory parade of the 'Volunteer Corps Goerlitz' in Munich, 1919

Victory parade of the 'Volunteer Corps Goerlitz' at Odeon Square after the recapture of Munich by government troops. Saluting on the horse is the Commander of the Volunteer Corps, Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm Faupel.

Soldiers of the Volunteer Regiment v. Oven in Berlin, 1919

Volunteers of the regiment of Oven, whose commander Ernst von Oven was entrusted with the defeat of the Munich Bavarian Soviet Republic at the end of 1919, are doing exercises.

Max Levien, 1919

Max Levien (born. 1885), member of the German Communist Party and the Revolutionary Worker's Council. Photo from the police records department in Vienna.

Ernst Toller

Ernst Toller (1893-1939), a German playwright and member of the USPD, became chairman of the Bavarian Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Council after the death of Eisner. After the fall of the Soviet Republic Toller was sentenced to five years in prison.

The Promenadenstrasse in Munich, 1919

The photo shows the site in the Promenadenstrasse, where Kurt Eisner was shot dead on 21 February 1919 .The photo was taken at the end of February.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The funeral procession of two of the ten governmental soldiers, whose execution by the Red Guard on 30 April was described as hostage murder.

Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The picture shows the "Kolonial" delicatessen shop damaged by a hit at the crossroads of Mittlerer Lech and Barfuesserstrasse after the capture of Ausburg by government troops on Easter 1919 (called "bloody Easter"). In front of it, civilians and soldiers, as well as a member of the Red Cross are posing for a picture. A coat of arms on the left wall of the building bears the inscription "Kgl. Notariat Augsburg I"

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

In the reconquest of Munich at the beginning of May the Freikorps used artillery as well. The picture shows the tower of the Church of St. Matthew (Matthaeuskirche) at Stachus (Karlsplatz), that was hit by artillery attacks.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

During the reconquest of Munich by Freikorps units at the beginning of May many shop windows were broken, here the "Cigarren-Haus Kopp", with several shot holes.

Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The picture shows a building damaged by a hit in Augsburg after the occupation by government troops on Easter 1919 (called "bloody Easter" by the Augsburgs). Residents watch the photographer from their windows.

Soviet Republic in Bavaria

Soviet Republic in Bavaria: state constitution, adopted on 05.01.1919. From a billposting in the Muenchner Neueste Nachrichten.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Picture of a barricade built of beer barrels at the Gaertnerplatz in the center of Munich. The men of the militia are using the barrels as a table for their snack.

Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The commander-in-chief of the Munich Red Army Rudolf Egelhofer (in the Mercedes) with his armed guards at the Siegestor in the Ludwigstrasse. Photo taken in spring 1919.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Scene of the hostage murder in the Luitpold gymnasium in Munich. Ten government soldiers were shot by Red Guard on this place in the backyard of the building on April 30.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Cellar of the Munich Luitpold Gymnasium, where ten governmental soldiers were imprisoned by supporters of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. Their murder by a firing squad of Red Guards on April 30 has been designated as a hostage murder.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The city center of Munich during the reconquest by Freikorps and government troops. In the background is the burning kiosk at Stachus (Karlsplatz). Photo: Heinrich Hoffmann

Panel with secret signs, 1919

Secret signs of the Communists, that were written on houses with chalk during the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

A billposting during the Bavarian Soviet Republic, which informs the workers of Munich about the protection of the "Muenchner Aktuelles Nachrichten" ("Latest news of Munich") by the Central Council of the Government, decided on 22 February 1919 by the Central Council.

Demonstration of the workers' council in Munich, 1919

Demonstration of the workers' council in Munich, Kurt Eisner (seated in the rear of the car) in February 1919. This is the last photograph of the murdered Bavarian prime minister.

Demonstration in Munich, 1919

Kurt Eisner (center), his wife and his secretary Felix Fechenbach (half hidden behind the flag) during the demonstration on February 16 in the Sendlingerstrasse.

Announcement of the Council of Workers and Soldiers of the Bavarian Sov

One of the signed announcements by Ernst Niekisch, the Chairman of the Enforcement Council, and other functionaries of the Council of Workers and Soldiers, warns about excesses and actions against the government.

Implementation of the state of siege in Munich, 1919

On the same day as the assassination of Kurt Eisner and the attack on the member of the state parliament Orel as well as on the leader of the Majority Social Democrats Erhard Auer which resulted, the newly formed 'Central Council of the Bavarian Republic' imposed a state of siege for several days.

Red Army members with a machine gun in Munich, 1919

Members of the Red Army group around a machine gun for a photograph during the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

Red Army members with a mortar dispenser in Munich, 1919

Red Army members near the Stachus (Karls Square) with a mortar dispenser on which they have loaded hand grenades and a munitions box. In the background is the Karls Square theater.

Order to destroy criminal files during the Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Order by the Munich Town Major Rudolf Egelhofer to destroy the criminal files of the members of the Bavarian Soviet Republic which existed in the courthouse in the district of Au.

Deployment of the 'Red Army', 1919

Rudolf Egelhofer, Commander of the 'Red Army' during the Soviet Republic in April 1919 runs in his Mercedes, accompanied by his bodyguard, through the Siegestor on the Ludwig street to the great military review of the 'Red Army'.

Armored train before the entry into Munich during the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic

An armored train made from altered freight cars assists the government troops advancing from the north towards Munich as they battle near Dachau.

Max Levien speaks on the Oberwiesenfeld in Munich, 1919

Dr. Max Levien, member of the KPD (Communist Party of Germany) and the Revolutionary Council of Workers, makes a speech about the Council system on the Oberwiesenfeld.

Bavaria: Republic of Councils 1919

Last fights of the 'Red Guard' against the storm troops of the Government Hoffmann on 13 April 1919 in the main train station in Munich. The battle ended in victory for the 'Red Guard'. The Republic of Councils took temporary military root. Recording from 14 April 1919.

Call for a general strike in Munich, 1919

A poster by the Vollzugsrat executive council and soldiers' councils in Munich on 14 April 1919 calls workers for a general strike which continued until 22 April.

Announcement about the arming of workers in Munich, 1919

Announcement of the Enforcement Council of the Council of Workers and Soldiers in Munich calling for the arming of workers and for weapons training for those who don't know how to use one.

Demonstration of women in Munich, 1919

Female postal workers in Munich move through Ludwigstrasse within the framework of a demonstration by supporters of the Bavarian Soviet Republic on the afternoon of April 22.

Military review of the Red Army in Munich, 1919

Demonstration by supporters of the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Ludwigstrasse in front of the former Bavarian Defense Ministry (left) on the afternoon of April 22nd.

Government troops on the Isar river bank after the overthrow of the Munich Soviet Republic, 1919

White troops with a gun at the Isar river bank close to the bath Muellersches Volksbad after the struggles in Munich.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Destroyed cinema with broken glass windows in the Goethestrasse after the reconquest of Munich by government troops and Freikorps units at the beginning of May.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

In early May, during the reconquest of Munich by government troops the roof timbering of the Mathaeserbraeu in Kaufingerstrasse, the headquarters of the revolutionary movement of the Soviet Republic, was set on fire.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The picture shows the damaged kiosk at the Munich Stachus (Karlsplatz), after being set on fire during the reconquest of Munich by government forces and Freikorps units.

The carving up of a horse, 1919

Passers-by cut up a dead horse which belonged to government troops in the streets of Munich.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Interior view of the kiosks at Stachus (Karlsplatz) destroyed during the reconquest of Munich by Freikorps units at the beginning of May.

Entrance of the Volunteer Corps in Munich, 1919

The Volunteer Corps enter Munich to the cheering of the population on Odeon Square at the beginning of May 1919. They supported the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

Volunteer corps soldiers with gun in Munich, 1919

Volunteer Corps troops allow themselves to be photographed with their gun at the Stachus (Karls Square) after the recapture of Munich.

Soviet republic in Bavaria

Soviet republic in Bavaria, Bavarian, Germany 1919-1932 Weimar

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The Freikorps Faupel-Goerlitz marched ceremoniously into the city through the Ludwigstrasse in the direction Feldherrnhalle after the reconquest of Munich by government groups at the beginning of May. On the right of the horse sits the commander of the corps, Lieutenant-Colonel Wilhelm Faupel. On the left, the Prussian Lieutenant-General Friedrich von Friedeburg (in light coat) greets him.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

During the entrance of the Freikorps a white flag is hoisted by the revolutionaries or Spartacists on a building in the Maximilianstrasse in Munich. In the foreground, barbed-wire barriers.

Head-advertising office of the ' Volunteer Corps of Epp' after the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Head-advertising office of the ' Bavarian Shooter's Corps of Epp' in Wittelsbacher palace in Munich after the recapture of the city by government troops

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

After the reconquest of Munich by Freikorps units, the population inspects the artillery hits on an advertising column at Stachus (Karlsplatz).

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

View of the shattered shop windows of Carl Lipp's business "Oefen & Herde" in Munich's inner city, destroyed during the fights between Freikorps units and Communists at the beginning of May.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

During the reconquest of Munich government troops destroyed the roof timbering of the Mathaeserbraeu in Kaufingerstrasse, the headquarters of the supporters of the Soviet Republic.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

During the last fights for Munich between Freikorps units and supporters of the Soviet Republic or Spartacists at the beginning of May, the kiosk at Stachus (Karlsplatz) was set on fire. Probably a retouching.

Entry of a Volunteer Corps unit into Munich, 1919

The Medical Unit of the Volunteer Corps march into Munich in the beginning of Mai. The Volunteer Corps supported the overthrow of Bavarian Soviet Republic.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Troops of a Freikorps unit with French steel helmets are standing in front of the Munich Army Museum after the reconquest of the city.

Site of the "Hostages" Murder" at the Luitpold School in Munich, 1919

Hostages held at Luitpold School were executed at the end of April in reprisal for the shootings of several Red Army prisoners. Seven of the executed were members of the anti-Semitic Thule Society, and were involved in acts of sabotage against the Red Army.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The fight for Munich between Freikorps units and the Communists at the beginning of May destroyed the roof of the Mathaeserbraeu in the Kaufingerstrasse, the headquarters of the supporters of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

View of the kiosk at Stachus (Karlsplatz) in the inner city, which caught fire after an artillery hit during the last fights for Munich between supporters of the Soviet Republic and Freikorps units at the beginning of May.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The kiosk at Stachus (Karlsplatz) in the inner city, which caught fire after an artillery hit during the last fights for Munich between supporters of the Soviet Republic and Freikorps units at the beginning of May.

Soviet republic in Bavaria

Soviet republic in Bavaria, Bavarian, Germany 1919-1932 Weimar

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

A gun mounted on a truck of the government troops under the Sendlingertor during the reconquest of Munich at the beginning of May.

Armoured car at march on Munich, 1919

During the struggles in Munich in the beginning of May this armoured car with a skull and crossbones painted on it was used by the Volunteer Corps troops.

The 'Volunteer Corps of Werdenfels' entering Munich, 1919

The Volunteer Corps of Werdenfels, a volunteer unit of farmers and citizens from the area around Garmisch during a parade in Maximilianstrasse. In order to play down the high percentage of Prussian government troops, the role of Bavarian unity was stressed by the press of Munich. The involvement of the Volunteer Corps in the struggles during the recapture of Munich however, is highly improbable.

Government troops lead followers of the Bavarian Soviet Republic away, 1919

After the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic by the troops of the Reich Armed Forces and the Volunteer Corps, captured members of the 'Red Army' of Munich are led away.

Checkpoints of the Freikorps soldiers at a bridge over the Isar

After the defeat of the Soviet movement in Munich members of the Freikorps control the traffic at one of the Isar bridges.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Entrance of a house destroyed by mines during the reconquest of Munich by Freikorp units at the beginning of May.

The 'Volunteer Corps of Werdenfels' after the entry into Munich, 1919

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

View of the top floor of the Mathaeserbraeu in Kaufingerstrasse, the headquarters of the revolutionary movement, that was set on fire with mines during the reconquest of Munich by Freikorps units.

Bavarian Cabinet in Bamberg, 1919

Photo of the last meeting of the Bavarian Cabinet held in Bamberg during the Bavarian Soviet Republic, before it's return to Munich after the overthrow.

Entry of government troops in Munich, 1919

At the beginning of May government troops entered Munich, including the music corps of the Cavalry. They were involved in the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic

Entry of Volunteer Corps in Munich, 1919

Volunteer Corps troops march over the Maximilian Bridge in Munich at the beginning of May. They supported the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

Entry of the Volunteer Corps in Munich, 1919

Volunteer Corps march on the Marien Square in Munich at the beginning of May. They supported the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic.

The burning Mathaeser brewery during the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

Aerial photo taken of the struggles at the start of May. The Mathaeser brewery, where the seat of the Worker's and Soldiers Council was located, is on fire from government mortars.

Worker shortly before he is shot, 1919

The iron turner Johann Lehner caught by government soldiers is photographed shortly before his murder by Volunteer Corps officer Hermann Pfeiffer. Lehner had been confused with Fritz Seidel who was sought by police as the commander of the Hostages" murder in Luitpold School. After the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic it's supporters and the Munich work force were terrorized.

View of the hiding place of Ernst Tollers, 1919

After the end of the Soviet Republic in Bavaria, the writer Ernst Toller fled from the terror of white troops and hid in a chamber in the Schwabing painting studio of Johannes Reichel, where he was arrested on 4 June 1919. The picture shows the open tapet door, the joints of which had been hidden with pictures hung over it and behind which Toller sought refuge.

The Bavarian Soviet Republic, 1919

The picture shows the court of Munich Luitpold Gymnasium. There, ten prisoners of the Thule Society had been shot by revolutionaries in the last days of the Munich Soviet Republic, the so-called hostage murder. Before the trial of the murderers in September, a memorial plaque was mounted at the place of the incident, bearing the names of the executed.

People's Court of the Munich Hostages Trial, 1919

On April 30, 1919 ten members of the government forces were killed in the Luitpold Gymnasium by supporters of the Bavarian Soviet Republic. In September the killers were brought to the people's court of Munich and sentenced to prison terms or death. The picture shows the judges' committee of the trial (from left): clerk, lay judge Leonhard Beck, lay judge Gustav Fischer, District Court Councillor Heinz, chairman of the Higher Regional Court Aull, Circuit Judge Bruckmueller, lay judge Martin Biederer, lay judge Gebhard Christian, prosecutor Hoffmann, court usher.

Painting by Heinrich Ehmsen, 1920

This painting, which shows the shooting of the police commander and city commander of the Munich Red Army at the time of the Soviet Republic, Rudolf Egelhofer, was painted in 1933 by Heinrich Ehmsen in exile in Moscow from memory. When it was displayed in the exhibition "Munich in the 1920s" in the Stadtmuseum, public protests and clashes took place (undated picture).

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