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Series: Republican tropps and international brigades during Spanish Civil War

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Republican tropps and international brigades during Spanish Civil War

Franco's troops lead prisoners to be shot, 1936

Recorded: August 29.1936. Republican workers are lead by Franco's troops to be executed. On the ground are spanish soldiers murdered by the workers

Arrested Republican fighters are being lead away, 1936

Photo of a group of disarmed and arrested Communist fighters in Somosierra near Madrid in August 1936, shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. The fighters wearing work pants, white shirts and berets are pushed down a hillside with raised hands by two Spanish soldiers, who are armed with carabiners.

Arrested Communist unit, 1936

Photo of a Communist unit fighting for the Republic, which has just surrendered to a Spanish national unit. The Spanish soldiers are leading the prisoners (raised hands) down a slope with carabiners and revolvers. In the foreground, two soldiers killed by the opposing side.

Young Republican fighters on their way to the front, 1936

Photo of a group of volunteer young Republican militiamen of the Largo Caballero Batallion of the Union General de Trabajadores (UGT) just before their departure to the front in Madrid in September, 1936. The women and men are armed with Gewehr 98 rifles and wear uniforms or overalls. Das Battalion wure nach dem spanischen Politiker (PSOE, Spanische Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei) und Gewerkschaftsführer (UGT) Francisco Largo Caballero (1869 bis 1946) benannt.

Republican militiamen entrench themselves behind a barricade, Irun, 1936

Photo of a unit of Republican fighters in blue overalls, presumably volunteers of the anarcho-syndicalist FAI / CNT. The fighters armed with guns have entrenched themselves behind a sandbag barricade in the Spanish border town of Irun on the exit road towards Pamplona, ??Navarre. In the other direction, the French border. Irun wurde während der Offensive von Guipuzcoa am 3. September 1936 von General Franco erobert. Die FAI (Federacion Anarquista Iberica, Iberische Anarchistische Föderation) kämpfte zusammen mit der anarchosyndikalistischen Gewerkschaft CNT (Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo) auf Seiten der Republik.

Fighters of the People's Front in the Spanish Civil War, 1936

In the summer of 1936, fighters (in civilian clothes) of the Republican People's Front are posing for a French press photographer in composed postures shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. In the background, a branch of "Banco Bizcaya" (now BBVA). Photo presumably taken in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. After the outbreak of the Civil War on June 17, 1936, many cities of Spain were the scene of street fights between Republicans, Communists and Nationalists.

Republican fighters and civilians are recovering a cannon, Spain, 1936

A partly armed unit of the anarcho-syndicalist Spanish trade union Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, written on the truck) and civilians are trying to recover a confiscated cannon with a leash on the street of a Spanish city during the Spanish Civil War. In the background, an automobile. After the outbreak of the Civil War on June 17, 1936, many cities of Spain were the scene of street fights between Republicans, Communists and Nationalists.

Group of Republican fighters in Irun, Basque Country, 1936

Photo of a group of fighters on the side of the government troops in the Basque border town of Irun (France), probably in the summer of 1936. The fighters wear different uniform pieces (breeches and field tunics) or are partly dressed in civilian clothes. They are armed with light weapons, especially carabiners and revolvers. On the left, a Teniente (lieutenant), probably the commander of the unit, rests on a walking stick. In the middle poses a medic with a red cross armband. She is armed with a revolver. Some soldiers wear alpargatas, simple cotton shoes with braided hemp soles.

Republican fighters exercising, 1936

Photo of a unit of volunteer Republican militiamen with shouldered carabiners during the Spanish Civil War in 1936. In the center, a female fighter in a dress with the typical military Gorillo cap. The soldiers wear alpargatas, light cotton shoes with braided hemp soles.

Stalin's portrait at an event in Madrid, 1936

At an event of the Spanish Communist Party (Partido Comunista de Espana) in Madrid during the siege of the city. Stalin's portrait was supposed to express the need of the troops of the republic for support by the Soviet Union. In addition to the portait, Stalin quotes translated into Spanish also express the solidarity of the Soviet Union for Spain. Seit Oktober 1936 versuchte General Francisco Franco mit seinen Truppen Madrid zu erobern. Am 8. November griff General Emilio Mola Madrid mit seinen Truppen direkt an.

A killed Spanish national officer in Valencia, 1936

Photo of a dead captain (in the foreground, upper body) who joined the Spanish national insurgents against the Second Spanish Republic with his cavalry regiment (Regimento de caballeria de guarnicion) in Valencia in the summer. The dead man is surrounded by a group of jubilant fists of repulsive young men (armed with steel helmets and guns, partially uniformed), who probably killed him.

Republican armored car of the People's Front at San Sebastian, 1936

Photo of an armored car of the People's Front in a pause on the northern front near San Sebastian in the Basque country in the summer of 1936. On the hood of the armored truck stands the abbreviation FP for Frente Popular. The vehicle is surrounded by militia officers of the people's front. Behind them, civilian cars. In the background, a maize field, as well as a large farmhouse.

Fighters of the Republican People's Front south of Madrid, 1936

Photo of a group of militiamen of the People's Front (Frente Popular ) fighting on the side of the Second Spanish Republic. The fighters pose 15 kilometers south of the capital of Spain armed with rifles next to an armored car, on which a hammer and sickle are painted. The militia officer on the lower left is armed with an American Winchester lever-action gun. Nach dem Bürgerkriegsausbruch am 17. Juli 1936 kam es in vielen großen Städten Spaniens zu Straßenkämpfen.

Republican steel workers convert a truck into an armored car, 1936

Photo of a group of steel workers turning a truck into an armored car with armor plates for the Teruel Front, Valencia region. Beneath the plates there is a truck chassis. In the background, another car is being converted.

Republican fighters during a ceasefire at San Sebastian, 1936

Photo of a group of Republican militiamen in a protective trench on the Northern Front near San Sebastian. The soldiers are armed with the Gewehr 98 and do not wear any regular uniforms. The soldier on the right in the background is wearing a steel helmet. Bereits Ende Juli kurz nach Ausbruch des Spanischen Bürgerkriegs wurde San Sebastian von nationalspanischen Truppen eingenommen.

Armored Republican truck in front of the casino in San Sebastian, 1936

Photo of a pick-up truck of the Republican camp, reinforced with welded armor plates in front of the casino in San Sebastian. The cab, bonnet and cargo were protected for the transport of fighters. On its side the abbreviations UGT and UHP are painted. The UGT (the Marxist Union, the Union General de Trabajadores) and the UHP (Communist Combat Unit, Unios Hermanos Proletarios) fought on the side of the government. In the background, other partly armored buses and trucks. Das Gebäude beherbergt seit 1947 das Rathaus von San Sebastian, 1897 wurde es als Kasino eröffnet. Es liegt direkt am Atlkantik. San Sebastian (Donostia) war Ende Juli 1936 wenige Wochen nach Ausbruch des Bürgerkriegs von nationalspanischen truppen erobert worden.

Dancing Republican soldiers behind the front, 1936

Photo of two dancing Republican fighters behind the front line in Sierra Peguerinos northwest of Madrid. The dancer on the left is dressed in overall and is armed with a Gewehr 98 rifle. She is wearing the chevron of a Teniente (lieutenant) on her cap. Her dancing partner plays the castanets and wears a blanket and carries a bag. In the background, fighters and female fighters watch amused.

Republican female fighters besiege a monastery in Madrid, 1936

Female fighters loyal to the government aim at the church building in the courtyard of the convent of San Antonio de la Florida, in the district of Arguelles, where insurgent Spanish national fighters are hiding.

Republican artillery in Seville, Andalusia, 1936

Photo of a square, presumably in a suburban area of Seville in 1936. A group of grenadiers build howitzers and cannons. On the right, a truck with a mounted gun carriage.

Republican fighters surrender to Spanish national soldiers, Seville, 1936

Republican supporters of the government are herded together with raised hands by Spanish soldiers in a small street of a village near Seville.

Arrival of volunteer Republican fighters in Barcelona, ??1936

Photo of a group of foreign volunteer fighters (on the left in civilian clothes) on their arrival at the quay in the Port of Barcelona. Behind, an anarchist fighter sitting on the hood of a car with a gun. On the car stands FAI (Federacion Anarquista Iberica, Iberian Anarchist Federation). In the background, a foreigner changes clothes. Die FAI kämpfte zusammen mit der Gewerkschaft CNT (Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo) auf Seiten der Republik. Die meisten ausländischen Kämpfer wurden von der Kommunistsichen Internationalen (Komintern) rekrutiert und gliederten sich in die Internationalen Brigaden ein.

Volunteer Republican fighters in Madrid, 1936

Photo of a group of Republican volunteer citizens of Madrid after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in the summer of 1936. The men and women (in civilian clothes) carry Gewehr 98 guns, rucksacks or steel helmets. Nach dem Bürgerkriegsausbruch am 17. Juli 1936 kam es in vielen großen Städten Spaniens zu Straßenkämpfen.

A group of Republican militiamen, 1936

Photo of a cheering group of Republican fighters, presumably anarchist (FAI, CNT) volunteers in blue overalls in front of a truck. The fighters are armed with rifles and wear simple shoes, mostly alpargatas, simple cotton shoes with braided hemp soles. On the planks of the truck: "A los Fascistas" (Against the fascists). Die FAI (Federacion Anarquista Ibérica, Iberische Anarchistische Föderation) kämpfte zusammen mit der anarchosyndikalistischen Gewerkschaft CNT (Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo) auf Seiten der Republik.

Republican armored vehicles in Zaragoza, 1936

Photo of three Republican armored cars on the Calle de Ramon Pignatelli in front of the bullring in Zaragoza, Aragon, after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Such armored vehicles used by the Republican troops consisted mostly only of trucks reinforced with armor plates, which were armed with a turret machine gun. The vehicles had little military value due to their size, low armament and lack of mobility. Therefore they were used primarily for troop transport. The vehicles are being watched by passers-by.

Republican female fighters during shooting training, 1936

Photo of two barrels of a German Gewehr 98 during shooting training in the Spanish Civil War, 1936. In the background, a Republican militiaman.

Republican militia women in training, 1936

Photo of a group of female Republican fighters training with a rifle in the summer of 1936. Some of the women are already wearing uniforms and the blue overalls of the militia or even their civilian clothes. The fighters are just shouldering a Gewehr 98.

Republican female fighters cooking stew, Madrid, 1936

Photo of a group of Republican female fighters in civilian clothes and blue overalls cooking on an open fire. The women stir together in the pan. The photo was taken behind the front in the Sierra Guadarrama.

Republican prisoners in the Spanish Civil War, 1936

Exhausted young Republican prisoners are interrogated by Spanish soldiers (on the right, an armed falangist in a blue shirt, on the left, a soldier) tied with a rope. The soldiers (presumably Communists) wear bright shirts, breeches and berets.

Republican female fighters, 1936

Photo of three Republican women with field blouses and ties, 1936.

Communist militia marching through Valencia, 1936

Photo of a unit of young Republican militiamen in the streets of Valencia. The unit, which is greeted by a group of fighters on a truck, consists of boys and girls carrying pistols, cartridge belts or rifles. They raise their right fists to show the salute of the Socialists.

Republican prisoners in Salamanca, 1936 to 1939

Photo of a group of captured soldiers who have previously fought on the Republican side in Salamanca, Castile and Leon, Spain, during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The guardians cannot be seen. The soldiers wear uniform jackets, breeches, and simple cotton shoes with braided hemp sole (so-called espadrilles).

Spanish Legionnaires during the combat around Irun, 1936

young women give wine to the Spanish nationalist soldiers during the fighting around Irun.

Spanish Civil War 1936 to 1939 - Wartime atrocities

Soviet steamer in the Port of Barcelona, ??1936

Photo of the Soviet freighter SS Zyrianin (home port Odessa) in the Port of Barcelona. The ship, laden with volunteers and Soviet supplies, is received at the quay by a crowd. Im September regte der sowjetische Staatschef die Gründung einer von Moskau unterstützten Internationalen Brigade an. Die ersten sowjetrussichen Waffenlieferungen an die Zweite Spanische Republik trafen im Oktober 1936 in Spanien ein.

American airmen returning from the Spanish Civil War in Paris, 1937

Photo of three American pilots, who fought on the side of the Second Spanish Republic in the Civil War, on their arrival in Paris in January 1937. From left to right: Hilaire du Berrier, Frederick Lord and Eddie Schneider. Previously, the men spent six weeks on the Madrid front. Hilaire du Berrier (1905 bis 2002) kämpfte 1936/37 auf Seiten der spanischen Regierung und wurde zwischen durch wegen Spionage für die nationalspanische Seite inhaftiert.

American ambulance car in Le Havre, 1937

Photo of one of four ambulance cars of the "American Friends of Spanish Democracy" after unloading in the French Port of Le Havre in January, 1937. The modern ambulance car, which is being eye-witnessed by French gendarmes, is part of an American delivery for the Republican troops at the front in Madrid. In addition to the vehicles, the organization sent five surgeons, seven nurses and five consultants to Madrid.

Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), American writer, as a reporter in the Spanish Civil War.

Ernest Hemingway interviews captured Italian officers in Madrid, 1937

Photo of three Italian officers (center, in boots and mixed uniforms) of the Italian volunteer army "Corpo Troupe Volontarie ", fighting on the side of the Spanish nationals, who were captured by Republican troops during the Battle of Guadalajara (March 8 to March 23, 1937). The three officers, the one on the right side wearing the black shirt of the Italian "Fasci" (Fascist Party of Italy), are surrounded by international journalists in a prison in Madrid, Spain. Second from left with a notepad and a beret, the American writer and later Nobel laureate for literature, Ernest Hemingway. Third from the right, the Dutch documentary filmmaker and communist Joris Ivens (traveled with Hemingway). In the front, two guards with bayonets. Hemingway kam als Kriegsreporter nach Spanien. In Spanien drehte Joris Ivens den Film "The Spanish Earth" für den Hemingway den Kommentar geschrieben und gesprochen hat.

Banner of Norwegian Fighters of the Spanish Civil War, Spain 1936-39

Photo of a flag of Norwegian volunteers of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, 1937-1939. The banner says: "As a front fighter in Spain from Norway".

Members of the International Brigades, 1939

Civil War in Spain: American members of the Lincoln Brigade on the way back to the United States aboard their ship in the harbor. They greet with clenched fist, the Communist salute.

March in remembrance of the Russian Revolution in Barcelona, 1936

Photo of a Republican demonstration in remembrance of the 19. anniversary of the October Revolution (November 1917) on the Rambla (Promenade Las Ramblas) at the beginning of November, 1936. The marching military policemen carry a banner: "The military police (Carabineros) greet their Soviet-Russian brothers." The police officers in uniform raise their fists saluting. Passers-by watch the scene on the pavement. Im September regte der sowjetische Staatschef die Gründung einer von Moskau unterstützten Internationalen Brigade an. Die ersten sowjetrussichen Waffenlieferungen an die Zweite Spanische Republik trafen im Oktober 1936 in Spanien ein.

Burial of Hans Beimler in Barcelona, ??1936

Photo of passers-by who give their last escort to the fallen Republican fighter Hans Beimler during the funeral procession in Barcelona at the beginning of December 1936. The former communist deputy of the German Reichstag and political commissar of the Thaelmann Batallion of the XI. International Brigade was shot dead by Spanish national troops near Moncloa Palace in Madrid on December 1, 1936.

Return of Republican fighters from the Spanish Civil War, London 1937

Photo of a voluntary Republican fighter of the Civil War, who is kissed by two women at Victoria Station in London on their return from the Spanish Civil War on the 7th of December, 1938. The 400 fighters of the International Brigades were received at the station by a crowd and socialist officials.

Return of Republican fighters from the Spanish Civil War, London, 1937

Photo of voluntary Republican fighters, who are greeted by a crowd with banners and flags on their return from the Spanish Civil War in front of Victoria Station in London on December 7, 1938. The 400 fighters of the International Brigades were received at the railway station by socialist officials.

International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War

Division Commander of the International Brigade 'Division Lister' on the front of Teruel.

International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War

The staff of the International Brigades on the front of Teruel.

Cavalry unit of the International Brigades, Spain, 1937

Photo of six Republican soldiers (four on horseback) of an unknown batallion of the International Brigade on the Teruel Front during the Spanish Civil War in Spain, 1937.

Fighters of the International Brigades are registered, France, 1937

Photo of a group of volunteer Spanish fighters who want to go to war on the Republican side. The fighters wear winter coats and luggage and are questioned by French gendarmes.

Republican English war prisoners in Spain, 1937

Photo of a group of English fighters of the International Brigades, who were led away by Spanish soldiers of the Guardia Civil in 1937.

Released fighters of the International Brigades in Hendaye, 1937

Photo of a column of 60 liberated foreign soldiers (French, English, German) shortly after their being handed over by the Spanish national faction to France in the Spanish-French border town of Hendaye on May 30, 1937.

Released fighters of the International Brigades in Hendaye, 1937

International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War

Soldiers of the 'Lister Brigade' who had been captured in the Aragon front at Belchite (near Saragossa) in September 1937.

Return of Republican fighters from the Spanish Civil War in London, 1938

Photo of voluntary Republican Spanish fighters on their return from the Spanish Civil War at Victoria Station in London on December 7, 1938. The 400 fighters of the International Brigades were received at the station by a crowd and socialist officials.

Return of Republican fighters from the Spanish Civil War, London, 1937

Released American fighters of the Spanish Civil War in New York, 1940

Photo of five American fighters of the Spanish Civil War from the International Brigade on the deck of the freighter "Exiria" shortly before their arrival in the port of New York on March 17, 1940. The men were captured by Spanish national troops during the Spanish Civil War and had been released shortly before. From left to right: Rudolph O'Para, Clarence Blair, Cohn Haber, Anthony Kerhlicker, Larry Doran. In the background, the Statue of Liberty.

Republican female fighters besiege a monastery in Madrid, 1936

Republican female fighter of the 5th Regiment in Madrid, 1936

Photo of a female fighter of the 5th Regiment of the Milicias Populares of the Spanish Republican Army (Ejercito da da Republica Espanola) in Madrid, 1936. The soldier wears a black jumpsuit and is armed with a Gewehr 98 with an attached bayonet. In the background, other soldiers in uniform. Das 5. Regiment war eine kommunistische Einheit, die auf der Seite der Zweiten Spanischen Republik gegen die Nationalspanische Fraktion kämpfte. Das Fünfte Regiment, in dem auch viele Ausländer kämpften, wurde am 22. Januar 1937 aufgelöst.

Republican armored vehicle on the march, 1936-1939

Undated photo of a Bilbao Republican armored vehicle. The Spanish tank was based on the chassis of the Ford V-8 lorry and was manufactured by the Sociedad Espanola de Construccion Naval (Spanish Society for Naval Construction (SECN). A total of 40 vehicles were manufactured, some of which were in operation until 1939. The illustrated model fought in a Communist unit on the side of the Republic. To the left, infantry, to the right, a civilian raising his fist.

Republican fighters reading newspaper, Madrid, 1936

Photo of three Republican fighters while studying the Madrid newspaper Ahora. The fighters wear the blue overalls of the Republican volunteer force. On the left, a fighter in white polo shirt rests on his rifle. Die republiktreue Zeitung Ahora wurde 1930 gegründet und hatte bis zum Ende der Zweiten Spanischen Republik eine Auflage von mehr als 150.000 Stück.

Republican barricades in San Sebastian, 1936

Photo of a barricade built by Republican fighters in the city center of San Sebastian in the summer of 1936.

Barricade construction in Barcelona, ??summer 1936

The picture shows a Republican barricade built of stones and a bus in the center of Barcelona in the summer of 1936, shortly after the outbreak of the civil war. On the wagon are the abbreviations FAI (Federacia Anarquista Iberica) and CNT (Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo).

Anarchist fighters in a village on the Teruel front near Valencia, 1936

Photo of a unit of an anarchist battle group of the "Staehlernen Kolonne" ("Steel Column") ("Columnia de Hierro") in Puebla de Valverde in the province of Teruel near Valencia in 1936. The unit fought on the Republican side under the flag of the Iberian Anarchist Federation (Federacion Anarquista Iberica, FAI) with the anarcho-syndicalist Trade Union CNT. The unit was composed mainly of Catalans and had no commander. The militia officers pose on and in front of trucks.

Republican fighters in a trench at Irun, 1936

Photo of a group of six Republican soldiers in a position near Irun (near the French border town of Hendaye) in the summer of 1936. The second from the left is an officer, presumably the commander. The other soldiers do not wear regular uniforms and are armed with Gewehr 98. In the middle, a fighter (naked upper body) rests on a French Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun. The position is camouflaged with branches. Irun wurde während der Offensive von Guipuzcoa am 3. September 1936 von General Franco erobert.

Armed combatant of the Loyalists in Barcelona, 1936

A civilian who has been armed by the government shoots from a doorway during the fighting between General Franco's troops and the government units.

Republican militia patroling in Barcelona, ??1936

Photo of a bus with volunteers fighting for the government immediately after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War on July 22, 1936. The fighters, who sit in and on the car, are dressed in civilian clothes and are armed with guns. In the foreground, civilians watch the scene. The bus is a rental car from Autocares Julia (company logo on the door) in Barcelona. Nach dem Bürgerkriegsausbruch am 17. Juli 1936 ausgelöst durch einen Putsch kam es in vielen großen Städten Spaniens zu Straßenkämpfen.

Republican fighters in Madrid, 1936

Photo of a group of volunteer Republican fighters on a street in Madrid at the end of July, 1936. The soldiers armed with guns wear civilian clothes (overalls or workwear) and steel helmets or berets. They wear boots or alpargatas, simple Spanish cotton shoes with a braided hemp soles. Nach dem Bürgerkriegsausbruch am 17. Juli 1936 kam es in vielen großen Städten Spaniens zu Straßenkämpfen.

Volunteer Republican fighters leave Madrid heading for the front, 1936

Photo of a group of volunteer militiamen loyal to the government in a Renault car in Madrid shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War on July 29, 1936. The fighters, dressed in uniform or civilian clothes, carry paddles and rifles. At the front of the car, a young woman is standing in a white dress with a gorillo hat and a pistol in her hand. The volunteers are supposed to support the Republican troops in the fighting in the Sierra Guadarrama in the north of Madrid.

Republican soldiers fighting for the Alcazar of Toledo, 1936

Photo of a group of Republican fighters during the siege of the Alcazar of Toledo in the summer of 1936. The armed soldiers wear civilian clothes or uniforms. Im Alcazar von Toledo verschanzten sich vom 21. Juli bis zur Befreiung durch nationalspanische Truppen am 26. September 1936 ca. 1500 Kämpfer gegen republikanische Verbände. Die Festung wurde durch Artilleriebeschuss und Bombardierungen fast vollständig zerstört.

Republican fighters in Zaragoza, 1936

Photo of three volunteers fighting on the Republican side in civilian clothes on the roof of a church in Zaragoza in August, 1936. The three fighters have entrenched themselves on the roof and are shooting at Spanish national troops with rifles (Gewehr 98). A church bell is in the background. Nach dem Bürgerkriegsausbruch am 17. Juli 1936 kam es in vielen großen Städten Spaniens zu Straßenkämpfen.

Republican soldiers of the people's front near San Sebastian, 1936

Group photo of Republican fighters of the People's Front during the battle of San Sebastian (Donostia) on the Northern Front in the Basque Country. The soldiers wear uniforms or blue overalls and are armed with rifles. They are wearing nailed boots. On the right, a woman. In the background, hills.

Spanish Republican troops, 1936

Members of an armed formation, fighting on the side of the elected government. In the foreground is a female soldier of the regular army, in the background are the fighters of a local militia.

Julio Alvarez del Vayo on visit to the troops at the Guadarrama Front, 1936

Photo of the Socialist Cortes deputy Julio Alvarez of Vayo y Olloqui (in the middle, with glasses and blouson, 1891-75) on a visit to the front of Somosierra in the Sierra Guadarrama, north of Madrid, two weeks after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in August 1936. The politician is surrounded by soldiers of the Republican Army. Während des Bürgerkriegs war Alvarez unter anderem Außenminister der Zweiten Republik. Er floh 1939 vor nationalspanischen Truppen aus Alicante. Nach dem Krieg lebte er im Exil in Mexiko, den USA und der Schweiz.

Republican female militia officer training in Madrid, 1936

Close shot of a Republican militiaman during training in Madrid shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in June in August, 1936. The woman is wearing a polo shirt, breeches, a belt and a gorillo cap. She leans on a carabiner. In the background, other volunteer militiamen. Am 6. November 1936 begann die Offensive der Nationalspanischen Fraktion auf Madrid. Der Angriff scheiterte, die Hauptstadt wurde belagert. Erst im März 1939 konnte Madrid erobert werden.

Republican female fighters eating near Madrid, 1936

Photo of two Republican female fighters of a workers' militia having lunch at the front of Sierra Guadarrama north of Madrid shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in August, 1936. The two women wearing belts are armed with carabiners. Their meal consists of canned fish. They wear alpargatas, light cotton shoes with braided hemp soles. The two lean against a wall to a front yard.

Republican volunteers in the Sierra Guadarrama near Madrid, 1936

Civilians (men and women) and Communist militiamen greet the photographer with raised fists during the Spanish national offensive of General Emilio Mola in Alta de Leon in the mountain chain north of Madrid on August 10, 1936.

Republican soldiers in Menorca, 1936

Civil war in Spain, 1936 - Battles on the Balearic Islands. Photo of Republican soldiers in the Port of Mahon, the capital of Menorca, during the Battle of the Balearic Islands shortly after the outbreak of the Civil War in the summer of 1936.The soldiers shoot at the quay wall with a Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun into the water. Im Zuge der Kämpfe um die Balearischen Inseln landeten republikansiche Truppen am 16. August 1936 zur Rückeroberung auf Mallorca. Die Kämpfe dauerten bis zum 4. September und endeten mit einem Sieg der Franco-Truppen.

Republican snipers in the tower of the Cathedral of Siguenza, 1936

Photo of three Republican snipers in August 1936. The fighters are shooting from a window of the bell tower of the Siguenza Cathedral, northeast of Madrid. They are lying on the floor. Above them hangs the church bell. Die Kathedrale Santa Maria de Sigüenza (aus dem 12. Jhdt.) wurde im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg teilweise zerstört. Die nationalspanische Artillerie nahm die Kirche unter Feuer.

Republican sandbag barrier in Madrid, 1936

Photo of a group of Republican fighters behind a sandbag barrier in Madrid in August 1936. A female fighter stands on the position. In the middle, a Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun. In the background there are armed fighters with carabiners raising their fist. Behind, the facade of Ulloa-Optico, an optician. Nach dem Bürgerkriegsausbruch am 17. Juni 1936 kam es in vielen großen Städten Spaniens zu Straßenkämpfen.

Republican air defense in Andalusia, 1936

Photo of Republican fighters, who are trying to shoot at Spanish national warplanes with shotguns while lying on the ground at the Andalusian Front.

Republican passport control in Extremadura, 1936

Photo of a woman dressed in civilian clothes with a headscarf and a gun under her arm during the controlling of a passport on the country road of Navalmoral in Extremadura, west of Madrid. The woman (barefoot) checks the papers of a car driver. The automobile, presumably a government car, is equipped with official signposts to allow passage.

Republican female fighter during the Battle of Talavera near Toledo, 1936

Photo of a Republican female fighter washing clothes during the Battle of Talavera de la Reina behind the front of El Bravo-Orteria. The female soldier is wearing a skirt and a field blouse. In the background, a washboard, soldiers in uniform and women at the washing trough. Die Schlacht von Talavera de la Reina fand am 3. September 1936 statt. Die republikanischen Truppen versuchten ihre Stellungen auf den Bergen von Talavera westlich von Madrid zu verteidigen. Zwei Monate später erreichten nationalspanische Truppen die Vororte im Westen von Madrid

Republican fighters during the Battle of Talavera near Toledo, 1936

Photo of Republican fighters washing their clothes during the Battle of Talavera de la Reina behind the front of El Bravo-Orteria. Women at the washboard, soldiers in uniform and a washing trough. Die Schlacht von Talavera de la Reina fand am 3. September 1936 statt. Die republikanischen Truppen versuchten ihre Stellungen auf den Bergen von Talavera westlich von Madrid zu verteidigen. Zwei Monate später erreichten nationalspanische Truppen die Vororte im Westen von Madrid

Killed Republican crew of an armored car at Toledo, 1936

Photo of a crew killed by artillery fire during the Battle of Talavera de la Reina 85 kilometers from Madrid. The dead are wearing the blue overalls of the Republican militia. On the right, a part of the bodywork of the tank, on the left above, the tarred road. Die Schlacht von Talavera de la Reina fand am 3. September 1936 statt. Die republikanischen Truppen versuchten ihre Stellungen auf den Bergen von Talavera westlich von Madrid zu verteidigen. Zwei Monate später erreichten nationalspanische Truppen die Vororte im Westen von Madrid

Newspaper El Alcazar, Toledo, 1936

Photo of the title page of the newspaper "El Alcazar", which appeared for the soldiers during the seven-week siege of the Alcazar of Toledo until its liberation by Spanish national troops on September 26, 1936 . The 40th edition of September 4, 1936, reports on the invasion of Franco's troops in Talavera. Im Alcazar von Toledo verschanzten sich vom 21. Juli bis zur Befreiung durch nationalspanische Truppen am 26. September 1936 ca. 1500 Kämpfer gegen republikanische Verbände. Die Festung wurde durch Artilleriebeschuss und Bombardierungen fast vollständig zerstört.

Communist farmers in Andalusia, 1936

Photo of a group of Andalusian farmers who joined the Communists during the Civil War. The farmers wear white blouses, work pants, straw hats, and hold sickles up in the air, which is a symbol of the Communists.

Spanish refugees on their arrival in France, 1936

French soldiers are taking care care of a group of Spaniards (seated, wrapped in blankets with basque caps, partly in the uniform of the Spanish army), who have previously fled from the troops of General Franco, in the small French Pyrenean town of St-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Aquitaine in September, 1936. San Sebastian was invaded by the nationalists already in July.

Funeral procession for Marius Rietti in Barcelona, ??1936

Photo of a funeral procession on the Calle Fontanella in Barcelona, ??Catalonia, on September 6, 1936. People are mourning the deceased Italian journalist Marius Rietti, who had fallen at the Front of Tardienta, Aragon on September the 2nd. Dwellers are watching the scene from the balconies. Marius Rietti berichtete für die französische Zeitung L’Humanite, dem Zentralorgan der Kommunistischen Partei Frankreichs (PCF) vom Spanischen Bürgerkrieg.

Captain Alberto Bayo Giroud during the march through Madrid, 1936

Photo of Captain Alberto de Jesus Ruperto Bayo Giroud (on the left in naval uniform) with a soldier (right) marching through Madrid on September 16, 1936. Bayo previously succeeded in recapturing the Balearic islands of Formentera, Cabrera and Ibiza against Spanish national forces. With his Republican invasion troop, he failed at the Battle of Mallorca. Subsequently, he trained partisans in Castile. Internationale Bekanntheit erlangte Bayo als Ausbilder der Guerillakämpfer Fidel Castro und Che Guevara 1955/56.

Italian female anarchist in Madrid, 1936

Photo of an Italian Anarchist female fighter in Madrid on September 24, 1936. The woman is carrying the black flag of the Batallon de la Muerte (Battalion of Death, also called Columna or Centuria Malatesta, named after Errico Malatesta), made up of Italian anarchists, who were fighting on the Republican side. She has a dog on a leash.

Female fighters of the Largo Caballero Battalion before their departure to the front in Madrid, 1936

Photo of a group of volunteer Republican militiamen of the Largo Caballero Batallion of the UGT Union (Union General de Trabajadores) shortly before their departure to the front in Madrid in September, 1936. The women are armed with Gewehr 98 guns and wear uniforms or overalls. Das Battalion wure nach dem spanischen Politiker (PSOE, Spanische Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei) und Gewerkschaftsführer (UGT) Francisco Largo Caballero (1869 bis 1946) benannt.

Woman practicing shooting in Madrid, 1936

Photo of a woman (in military gorillo cap), trained on guns (Gewehr 98) by a Republican instructor in uniform during the siege of the Spanish capital by Spanish national troops. The soldier shows the volunteers how to open the lock of the weapon. In the background other volunteers are watching.

General Asencio on visit to the troops in Toledo, 1936

Photo of a group of soldiers in conversation with the Republican Minister of War, General Jose Asensio Torrado (far right with umbrella) in Toledo. Third from left, in bright field tunic, a teniente (officer, lieutenant), third from right, a sargento (sergeant). General Jose Asensio Torrado (1892 bis 1961) war einer der wenigen Offiziere der Kolonialtruppe (Africanistas) der loyal zur Republik stand. Im Oktober 1936 wurde er zum Kriegsminister und im November zum Kommandeur der Zentralarmee ernannt. Im Februar 1937 nach der Niederlage von Malaga wurde er auf Drängen der Kommunisten, Anarchisten und des sowjetischen Botschafters entlassen.

Russian tanks in the Spanish Civil War, 1936

Franco-supporting soldiers view tanks which they captured from the republican troops. The tanks originated in the Soviet Union.

Republican prisoners in Spain, 1936

Photo of a group of Republican war prisoners. The four captured men lean against a wall and are tied with ropes. In the foreground there is a Moroccan guard (with turban and shouldered rifle) of the Fuerzas Regulares Indigenas, the Spanish Foreign Legion, who fought on the side of the Spanish national troops.

Parade of Republican troops in Barcelona, 1937

Members of the "Death Battalion" march through Barcelona before they are taken to the front.

Propaganda poster of the Republicans in Madrid, 1937

Photo a poster of the "Lautsprecher der Volksfront" ) ("Loudspeaker of the People's Front") that was suspended in the streets of Madrid to promote acceptance for the war against the Spanish national faction. The poster shows a sailor who throws a grenade on a tank: "sailor Coll destroyed four tanks, so we crunch Fascism. "

Republican fighters on their way to the front, Madrid, 1937

Three Republican front fighters in mixed uniforms with rifles and field packs are seen off by a young woman to the front in Madrid.

Republican supporters on the streets of Madrid, 1937

Photo of a group of women protesting for the Republic in the streets of the Spanish Capital during the siege of Madrid in 1937. The women raise their fist saluting.

Republican soldiers seek shelter in a trench in Malaga, 1937

Republican militia officers protect themselves from a Spanish national bombardment in a sheltered battalion at the front line near Malaga early in 1937. The soldiers wear winter coats. Am 8. Februar 1937 nehmen nationalspanische Truppen die andalusische Stadt Malaga ein.

Exhausted Republican soldiers during the Battle of Teruel, 1937

Photo of an infantry unit fighting on the side of the government while resting behind the front during the Battle of Teruel (region Aragon) in the autumn / winter of 1937. The soldiers lie and sit on sandbags or straw and have put their field kit and weapons (center, Gewehr 98) aside. In the background are bivouac shelters. Die Schlacht um Teruel, die mit einer Offensive der Regierungstruppen begonnen hatte, endete im Februar 1938 mit der vollständigen Niederlage der Republikaner. In der Folge konnten die Truppen General Francisco Francos bis ans Mittelmeer vorrücken.

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